Modal verbs are important for expressing obligation and permission in English.
Here is a summary of some common modal verbs and phrases that are used to express obligation and permission:

| Modal Verb/Phrase | Meaning | Example | Grammar Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|
| needn’t | no obligation | You needn’t come to the party if you don’t want to. | need not + base verb |
| must | strong obligation | I must finish this report by tomorrow. | must + base verb |
| ought to | strong recommendation (very formal) | You ought to apologize for your behavior. | ought to + base verb |
| should | advice/suggestion/ weak obligation | I should study for the exam. | should + base verb |
| can | permission | Can I use your pen, please? | can + base verb |
| be required | necessary | A valid passport is required to enter the country. | be + required to + base verb |
| be not required | not necessary | A tie is not required for the interview. | be + not required to + base verb |
| be allowed | permission | You are allowed to smoke in this area. | be + allowed to + base verb |
| be not allowed | prohibition | You are not allowed to smoke in this area. | be + not allowed to + base form |
| be supposed to | expectation/ recommendation/ weak obligation/ should | We are supposed to arrive at 8:00 AM. | be + supposed to + base verb |
| be not supposed to | weak obligation/ shouldn’t | You are not supposed to use your phone in class. | be + not supposed to + base verb |
| it’s illegal to | against the law | It’s illegal to park here. | it’s illegal to + base verb |
| it’s against the law | against the law | It’s against the law to steal. | it’s against the law to + base verb |
| it’s polite | socially acceptable | It’s polite to say “please” and “thank you”. | it’s polite to + base verb |
| it’s impolite | socially unacceptable | It’s impolite to interrupt someone. | it’s impolite to + base verb |
| it’s best to | advice/suggestion (positive) | It’s best to arrive early for your interview. | it’s best to + base verb |
| it’s best not to | advice/suggestion (negative) | It’s best not to eat too much junk food. | it’s best not to + base verb |
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Write some advice for someone who wants to visit your country. Think of at least 5 rules and customs and write them down.



















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