Tag: Grammar

So/ Such… that , too/ (not) enough … to

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Understanding how to connect ideas is an important part of speaking and writing in English. In this lesson, we look at two very useful structures: so/such… that and too… to / (not) enough… to. These help you explain reasons, results, and limits in a clear way.

1. SO / SUCH … THAT

We use so and such to talk about a cause, and that to show the result.

👉 Grammar

  • so + adjective + that
    • I’m so tired that I want to sleep right now.
  • such + a/an + adjective + noun + that
    • It was such a good movie that I watched it twice.

👉 When to use SO

Use so before an adjective or adverb.
✔ The people were so friendly that I felt relaxed.

👉 When to use SUCH

Use such before an adjective + noun.
✔ It’s such a beautiful day that I want to go outside.

Examples

  • The problem was so big that I needed help.
  • She has such long hair that everyone notices her.

2. TOO … TO / (NOT) ENOUGH … TO

These structures explain that something is more or less than we want or need.

👉 TOO … TO

Use too + adjective + to + verb
→ shows something is more than you want or a negative result.

✔ It’s too cold to go for a walk.
✔ He was too nervous to speak.

👉 (NOT) ENOUGH … TO

Use:

  • not enough + noun
    ✔ There isn’t enough time to finish.
  • adjective + enough
    ✔ She isn’t strong enough to lift it.

→ means you don’t have as much as you want.

Let’s Practice!

Practice 1

Practice 2

Practice 3

Speaking

Practice 1

Discuss the following questions

Practice 2

Read the information in the card.

Make a sentence using too, enough, so or such.

Example:

The card says: “There were 20 chairs and 20 people.”

My sentence: There were enough chairs to seat all the people .

🧭 Modal Verbs: Obligation and Necessity

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💡 What Are “Obligation” and “Necessity”?

We use modal verbs like must, have to, need to, and their negatives to talk about things that are necessary or not necessary. For example, rules, duties, or responsibilities.
We can also use them to talk about permission in the present or past.

🔹 1. Obligation in the Present

We use must, have to, and need to when something is necessary or important to do.

StructureExampleMeaning
must + base verbI must finish this project today.Strong personal obligation
have to + base verbI have to work on Saturday.External rule or schedule
need to + base verbYou need to wear a helmet.It’s necessary or required

🧠 Tip:

  • must = personal obligation (you feel it)
  • have to = external obligation (someone else decides it)

I must study more. (I want to)
I have to study more. (My teacher said so)

🔹 2. NO Necessity in the Present

We use don’t have to or don’t need to when something is not necessary.

StructureExampleMeaning
don’t have to + base verbYou don’t have to come if you’re busy.It’s optional
don’t need to + base verbShe doesn’t need to wear a uniform.It’s not required

🧠 Note:
They mean the same, but don’t have to is more common in everyday English.

🔹 3. Prohibition (Something Is Not Allowed)

We use mustn’t (must not) to talk about rules or strong advice — when something is not allowed.

StructureExampleMeaning
mustn’t + base verbYou mustn’t park here.It’s forbidden
be not allowed to + base formYou are not allowed to park here.No permission

🧠 Tip:
❌ Don’t confuse mustn’t (not allowed) with don’t have to (not necessary).

You mustn’t smoke here. → It’s against the rules.
You don’t have to smoke. → It’s your choice.

🔹 4. Obligation and Necessity in the Past

We can’t use must for the past. Instead, we use had to or needed to.

StructureExampleMeaning
had to + base verbI had to finish my homework last night.It was necessary in the past
needed to + base verbWe needed to buy tickets early.It was necessary

For the negative, we use didn’t have to or didn’t need to (something was not necessary).

We didn’t have to go to school yesterday.
She didn’t need to call — I was already there.

🔹 5. Permission (Present and Past)

We can use be allowed to or could to talk about permission.

TimeStructureExampleMeaning
Presentam / is / are allowed to/canStudents are allowed to use phones at break.
Students can use their phones at break.		It’s permitted now
Pastwas / were allowed toWe were allowed to stay up late.It was permitted
Past (general ability)couldWhen I was a child, I could go out alone.I had permission

🔍 Summary Table

MeaningPresentPast
Obligationmust / have to / need tohad to / needed to
Not necessarydon’t have to / don’t need todidn’t have to / didn’t need to
Prohibitionmustn’t—
Permissionam / is / are allowed to/ canwas / were allowed to / could
Modals of Obligation and Possibility

Let’s Practice

Practice 1

Practice 2

Practice 3

Correct the grammar mistakes

Speaking

Future Plans & Desires

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We use be going to, want to, and would like to to talk about plans, intentions and desires for the future.
These expressions help us describe what we have already decided to do, what we want to do, or what we would like to do politely.

Future Plans

We use be going to to talk about things we plan to do or intend to do in the future.
These are decisions we’ve already made.

✅ Structure:
am / is / are + going to + base form (verb)

Examples:

  • I’m going to invite my neighbours for dinner.
  • She’s going to buy a new phone.
  • We’re going to visit our grandparents this weekend.

💡 Remember:
Use the correct form of be:

SubjectBe verb
Iam
You / We / Theyare
He / She / Itis

Example:

I am going to call my friend.
He is going to clean his room.

Desires

A desire is something you really want , something you hope to have or do in the future.
It’s usually possible and realistic.

It comes from your feelings or needs.

ExampleMeaning
I desire peace and quiet.You really want calmness in your life.
She desires to travel the world.It’s something she really wants to do.
They desire success.They want to be successful.

💬 In everyday English, we don’t often say “desire” in conversation. It sounds formal or literary.
Instead, we usually say “want” or “would like”.

👉 Desire = Strong “want” (formal word)

Want to = a strong desire

Use want to + verb to talk about something you really plan to do or feel sure about.
It’s direct and very common in everyday English.

✅ Form:
Subject + want to + base form (verb)

Examples:

  • I want to see my friends this weekend.
  • She wants to travel next summer.
  • We want to buy a new car.

🧠 Meaning: You have a clear plan or strong wish to do something.

Would like to = a polite or softer desire

Use would like to + verb to talk about something you want, but in a more polite or gentle way.
It’s often used when we are being nice, formal, or not completely sure.

✅ Form:
Subject + would like to + base form (verb)
(We often say ’d like instead of would like.)

Examples:

  • I’d like to make a traditional meal.
  • He’d like to visit Paris one day.
  • We’d like to go out this Saturday.

🧠 Meaning: You want to do it, but you say it politely — it sounds friendly and nice.

🗣 Compare:

  • I want to go out tonight. → (simple, direct)
  • I’d like to go out tonight. → (polite and friendly)

🕐 Talking About the Future

Common Time Expressions

⏰ Expression Meaning / When💬 Example Sentence
⏳ in an hour60 minutes from nowI’m going to call you in an hour.
📅 this SaturdayThe coming SaturdayWe’re going to a concert this Saturday.
📆 in two months’ timeTwo months from nowShe’s going to start a new job in two months’ time.
🌸 next AprilThe April that’s comingThey’re going to travel to Japan next April.
🕑 at two o’clock tomorrowA specific time tomorrowI’m meeting my teacher at two o’clock tomorrow.
🌞 the day after tomorrowTwo days from todayWe’re going to visit our grandparents the day after tomorrow.
🎓 the year after nextTwo years from nowI’m going to finish university the year after next.
🚀 in 2060A specific year in the futurePeople might live on Mars in 2060.

These words help make your future sentences more natural and specific.

Let’s Practice

Practice 1

Practice 2

Speaking

Past Participle

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A past participle is a verb form we use with have or has to make the Present Perfect tense.

Examples:

I have visited Spain.
She has seen that movie.

🧠 The past participle tells us that something happened before now, but we don’t say exactly when.

The three main verb forms

In English, every verb has three main forms:

Base FormPast Simple
(Verb II)		Past Participle
(Verb III)
gowentgone
eatateeaten
watchwatchedwatched

We use:

  • Base form → for now (I go to school every day.)
  • Past simple → for yesterday (I went to school yesterday.)
  • Past participle → with have/has (I have gone to school.)

Regular verbs

For regular verbs, the past participle ends in -ed (just like the past simple).

BasePastPast Participle
workworkedworked
playplayedplayed
visitvisitedvisited

Examples:

I have visited my grandparents.
We have played soccer many times.

Irregular verbs

Some verbs don’t follow the “-ed” rule.
These are called irregular verbs. You must learn them.

BasePastPast Participle
gowentgone
seesawseen
dodiddone
eatateeaten
havehadhad

Examples:

I have gone to Italy.
She has seen that movie before.
He has done his homework.

Why is it important?

You need the past participle to make the Present Perfect tense, which is used to talk about life experiences:

Have you ever been to Canada?
I have never tried sushi.
We have visited many cities.

📘 Common Irregular Verbs

This is a basic list of the most common irregular verbs in English.
It’s a great place to start, but remember, there are many more irregular verbs that you’ll learn as you continue studying.

👉 Focus on a few verbs each week and use them in real sentences.
The more you read, listen, and speak, the easier it will be to remember new ones naturally.

Keep this table as your starter guide, and you’ll build your verb knowledge step by step.

#Base Form
(Verb I)		Past Simple
(Verb II)		Past Participle
(Verb III)		Example Sentence
1bewas / werebeenI’ve been to Italy.
2becomebecamebecomeHe’s become more confident.
3beginbeganbegunThe class has just begun.
4breakbrokebrokenI’ve broken my glasses.
5buyboughtboughtShe’s bought new shoes.
6choosechosechosenHave you chosen a movie?
7comecamecomeThey’ve come home.
8dodiddoneHe’s done his homework.
9drinkdrankdrunkShe’s drunk all the juice.
10drivedrovedrivenHe’s driven to work today.
11eatateeatenHave you eaten yet?
12feelfeltfeltI’ve felt tired all day.
13findfoundfoundI’ve found my keys.
14forgetforgotforgottenI’ve forgotten your name!
15getgotgotI’ve got a new job.
16givegavegivenThey’ve given me a gift.
17gowentgoneWe’ve gone to the park.
18havehadhadShe’s had breakfast already.
19knowknewknownHave you known her long?
20leaveleftleftShe’s left her bag at home.
21makemademadeHe’s made a cake.
22meetmetmetWe’ve met before.
23readread /rɛd/read /rɛd/I’ve read that book.
24saysaidsaidShe’s said sorry.
25seesawseenI’ve seen that movie.
26taketooktakenWe’ve taken lots of photos.
27telltoldtoldHe’s told me the story.
28thinkthoughtthoughtI’ve thought about it.
29wearworewornI’ve worn this jacket before.
30writewrotewrittenHe’s written three emails.

Let’s practice

Practice 1

Practice 2

Speaking

Choose a card and say the base form – simple past – past participle.

Example:

go – went- gone

If you don’t remember, you can check the table of irregular verbs

Quantifiers

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Quantifiers tell us how much or how many things we have.
We use them to talk about food, drinks, objects, and other things in daily life.

🍎 Countable and Uncountable Nouns

TypeExamplesQuestionWe say…
Countable nouns (we can count: 1, 2, 3…)apples, bananas, eggs, booksHow many…?a / some / any / a few / many / not many
Uncountable nouns (we can’t count)water, rice, sugar, milkHow much…?some / any / a little / much / not much

🟢 Countable = we can count them (one, two, three…)
🔵 Uncountable = we cannot count them easily (water, milk, rice…)

☕ A / Some / Any

WordWhen we use itExample
a / anfor one thing (singular countable)I have a banana. 🍌
somein positive sentencesThere is some coffee. ☕
anyin negative sentences and questionsThere isn’t any milk. / Do we have any eggs? 🥚

🍚 How much…? / How many…?

QuestionUseExample
How many…?with countable nounsHow many bananas are there? 🍌🍌
How much…?with uncountable nounsHow much water do you drink? 💧

🗣️ We use “How many” when we can count things.
We use “How much” when we cannot count them.

🍓 Talking about Quantity

We can show if there is a lot, a little, or not much of something.

Countable nounsUncountable nouns
a lot (of) → I have a lot of friends. a lot (of) → We drink a lot of water.
a few → I have a few apples. a little → There’s a little milk.
not many → There aren’t many buses today. not much → There isn’t much coffee left.

💡 a few = a small number (for countable nouns → apples, cars, friends)
💡 a little = a small amount (for uncountable nouns → milk, rice, water)
💡 not many = only a small number (used with countable nouns)
💡 not much = only a small amount (used with uncountable nouns)
💡 a lot / lots = a big number or amount

💬 Practice Time!

Practice 1

Practice 2

Practice 3

Speaking

Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

🔮 Future Predictions (Will)

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We use will when we talk about:

  • Predictions — what we think or expect will happen
  • Beliefs or opinions — what we believe about the future
UseExample
PredictionPeople will live on Mars one day.
BeliefI think it will rain later.
GuessIt will probably be expensive.
OpinionShe won’t enjoy that movie.

🧠 Remember:
We use will + base verb for all subjects — no “to”, no “-s”, no “-ing”!

⚙️ Grammar Focus

✅ Affirmative

Subject + will + base verb
✏️ Example: I will travel to Japan one day.

❌ Negative

Subject + won’t (will not) + base verb
✏️ Example: It won’t rain tomorrow.

❓ Question

Will + subject + base verb?
✏️ Example: Will they come to the party?

🔸 Contractions

Full FormContracted FormExample
I willI’llI’ll call you later.
You willYou’llYou’ll love this song.
He/She/It willHe’ll / She’ll/It’llShe’ll be fine.
Will notWon’tIt won’t be easy.

💬 Adverbs of Certainty

We often add adverbs to show how sure (or unsure) we are about a prediction.

AdverbMeaningExample
Definitely100% sureShe’ll definitely get the job.
Probably70–80% sureIt’ll probably snow tonight.
Maybe / Perhaps50% sureMaybe he’ll call you later.
I don’t think…negative beliefI don’t think it’ll work.

💡 Word order:

  • After will: It will probably rain.
  • Before the subject (for maybe): Maybe it’ll rain.

🚫 Common Mistakes

❌ Wrong✅ CorrectWhy?
I will to go to Paris.I will go to Paris.Don’t use “to” after will.
She will comes later.She will come later.Use the base verb (no -s).
Will rains tomorrow?Will it rain tomorrow?Subject goes after will.

Let’s Practice

Practice 1

Practice 2

Speaking

Practice 1

Practice 2

Introduction to First Conditional

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🔑 What is the First Conditional?

We use the First Conditional when we want to:

  • Talk about the future
  • Say what will happen if something else happens
  • Show real and possible situations

✨ Example:

  • If I eat too much chocolate, I will feel sick.
  • If we hurry, we will catch the bus.

🧩 Grammar Structure

👉 The First Conditional has two parts:

IF clause (condition)Result clause
If + Present Simplewill + base verb

✅ Examples:

  • If it rains, I will stay at home.
  • If I study, I will pass the test.
  • If we are late, the teacher will be angry.

🚨 Important!
Don’t use will after if.
❌ If it will rain, I will stay home.
✅ If it rains, I will stay home.

💡 When do we use it?

We use the First Conditional for:

  1. Predictions: If it rains, the streets will be wet.
  2. Warnings: If you run too fast, you will fall.
  3. Promises/Plans: If you call me, I will help you.

🗣 More Examples

  • If I am hungry, I will eat a sandwich. 🥪
  • If my friend visits, we will go to the park. 🌳
  • If the teacher gives homework, I will do it. ✏️
  • If we don’t leave now, we will miss the train. 🚉

Practice Time

Practice 1

Practice 2

 Speaking Practice

Card game

Flip the cards

Look at the picture

Complete the sentences using first conditional

Open the box

Choose a box.

Read the sentence starter.

Complete the sentence with your own ideas

Conditionals

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Understanding conditionals is crucial for expressing ideas about possibilities, hypothetical situations, and real-life scenarios. Whether you’re just starting out or looking to deepen your knowledge, this table will help you compare zero, first, second, and third conditionals. Get ready to enhance your language skills and gain confidence in using English conditionals effectively!

Conditional TypeStructureUsageExample
Zero ConditionalIf + present simple, + present simpleUsed for general truths, facts, and scientific truths.If you heat ice, it melts.
If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
First ConditionalIf + present simple, + future Used for real possibilities and predictions in the future.If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
Future forms:
will + base form
be going to + base form
may + base form
might + base form
should + base form
* can + base form (ability)
* base form (imperative)		If you see him, tell him I’m looking for him.
Second ConditionalIf + past simple, + would + base formUsed for hypothetical (unreal) situations and their possible outcomes.If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
If + past simple, + could + base formIf I were you, I could find a different job.
Third ConditionalIf + past perfect, + would have + past participleUsed for unreal situations and regrets about the past.If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
If + past perfect, + could have + past participleIf she had known, she could have warned us.

Each conditional type expresses a different level of certainty or hypothetical situation, impacting how we talk about possibilities, consequences, and regrets.

Conditionals Quiz

  1. Zero Conditional: Which sentence is correct?
    • a) If I would go to bed early, I will feel refreshed in the morning.
    • b) If I go to bed early, I feel refreshed in the morning.
    • c) If I went to bed early, I feel refreshed in the morning.
  2. First Conditional: Choose the correct form:
    • If she ____________ (study) hard, she ____________ (pass) the exam.
  3. Second Conditional: Select the appropriate sentence:
    • a) If I would have enough money, I would buy a new car.
    • b) If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.
    • c) If I have enough money, I would buy a new car.
  4. Third Conditional: Which sentence is grammatically correct?
    • a) If they had known, they could warn us.
    • b) If they had known, they could have warned us.
    • c) If they knew, they could warned us.
  5. Zero Conditional: Complete the sentence:
    • If water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it ____________ (boil).
  6. First Conditional: Choose the correct sentence:
    • a) If he will come on time, we can leave early.
    • b) If he comes on time, we can leave early.
    • c) If he come on time, we can leave early.
  7. Second Conditional: Fill in the blank:
    • If I ____________ (be) you, I ____________ (not do) that.
  8. Third Conditional: Correct the sentence:
    • If I would have studied harder, I will pass the test.
  9. First Conditional: Which sentence is correct?
    • a) If they will go to the beach, they would have fun.
    • b) If they go to the beach, they will have fun.
    • c) If they go to the beach, they have fun.
  10. Second Conditional: Choose the right option:
    • If I ____________ (be) taller, I ____________ (reach) the top shelf.
  11. Third Conditional: Complete the sentence:
    • If she ____________ (know) about the surprise party, she ____________ (come).
  12. Zero Conditional: Correct the sentence:
    • If I eat too much, I feel sick.
  13. First Conditional: Select the correct form:
    • If she ____________ (arrive) late, she ____________ (miss) the beginning of the movie.
  14. Second Conditional: Fill in the blanks:
    • If I ____________ (win) the lottery, I ____________ (buy) a house by the beach.
  15. Third Conditional: Which sentence is correct?
    • a) If he had called earlier, I could meet him.
    • b) If he called earlier, I could have met him.
    • c) If he had called earlier, I could meet him.
  16. Zero Conditional: Complete the sentence:
    • If you mix blue and yellow, you ____________ (get) green.
  17. First Conditional: Choose the correct sentence:
    • a) If you don’t study, you fail the test.
    • b) If you didn’t study, you would fail the test.
    • c) If you didn’t study, you fail the test.
  18. Second Conditional: Correct the sentence:
    • If I had enough time, I can finish this project.
  19. Third Conditional: Fill in the blanks:
    • If we ____________ (know) it was your birthday, we ____________ (buy) you a present.
  20. Zero Conditional: Which sentence is grammatically correct?
    • a) If it rains, I would take an umbrella.
    • b) If it rains, I take an umbrella.
    • c) If it rains, I will take an umbrella.

Answers:

  1. b) If I go to bed early, I feel refreshed in the morning.
  2. studies, will pass
  3. b) If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.
  4. b) If they had known, they could have warned us.
  5. boils
  6. b) If he comes on time, we can leave early.
  7. were, would not do
  8. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.
  9. b) If they go to the beach, they will have fun.
  10. were, would reach
  11. had known, would have come
  12. No correction needed (already correct).
  13. arrives, will miss
  14. won, would buy
  15. b) If he had called earlier, I could have met him.
  16. get
  17. a) If you don’t study, you fail the test.
  18. If I had enough time, I could finish this project.
  19. had known, would have bought
  20. b) If it rains, I take an umbrella.

RELATED TOPICS:

Introduction to First Conditional (Beginner level)

Zero and First Conditionals

First Conditional (Intermediate)

Second Conditional

Past Perfect

Third Conditional

I was vs. I were

would vs. could

would have vs. could have

PET READING PRACTICE (Part 6)

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🧠 Part 6 of the PET (Preliminary English Test) Writing Paper is designed to test your ability to use alternative expressions that have the same meaning. In this section, you will be given sentences that you need to rewrite so that they mean the same as the original sentences, but using no more than three words.

💡For example, if you have a sentence like “The bus station is near the new shopping centre,” you might need to rewrite it as “The bus station isn’t far from the new shopping centre.”

🎯 The purpose of this activity is to ensure that you can express ideas in different ways while maintaining the same meaning. This is a key skill in English as it shows your flexibility and understanding of the language. Practicing this part of the test helps you get better at using similar words and different grammar rules. This is important for good communication in English.

🏋️‍♂️ PRACTICE TIME: First Conditional, Future Time Clauses, Verb Patterns after Wish, Second Conditional, Past Modals of Deduction, Past Modals of Advisability, Third Conditional

Instructions: Rewrite each sentence using no more than three words so that both sentences have the same meaning. Fill in the blanks with your answers,

1. FIRST CONDITIONAL:

  1. I will be late because I will miss the bus.
    • If I ____________________ the bus, I won’t be late.
  2. She will not pass the exam because she isn’t studying.
    • If she ____________________, she will pass the exam.
  3. They will cancel the match because it is raining heavily.
    • If it ____________________, they won’t cancel the match.
  4. We will go to the beach because the weather is nice.
    • If the weather ____________________, we will go to the beach.
  5. He will lose his job because he doesn’t perform well.
    • If he ____________________ better, he won’t lose his job.

2. FUTURE TIME CLAUSES:

  1. I’ll call you. I’ll do it as soon as I get home.
    • I’ll call you ____________________ I get home.
  2. Bring an umbrella. It might rain.
    • Bring an umbrella ____________________ it rains.
  3. I’ll stay at home. It’s raining heavily.
    • I’ll stay at home ____________________ the rain stops.
  4. Finish your homework. Then you can watch TV.
    • You can watch TV ____________________ you finish your homework.
  5. He’ll buy the car. He needs to get a loan first.
    • He won’t buy the car ____________________ he gets a loan.

3. VERB PATTERNS AFTER WISH (Wish + Simple Past, Wish + Would):

  1. I can’t play the piano.
    • I wish I ____________________ the piano.
  2. It’s raining, and I can’t go outside.
    • I wish it ____________________ raining.
  3. He doesn’t help me with the chores.
    • I wish he ____________________ me with the chores.
  4. They live far away, and we can’t meet often.
    • I wish they ____________________ closer.
  5. She always arrives late.
    • I wish she ____________________ on time.

4. SECOND CONDITIONAL:

  1. I don’t have enough money to buy a car.
    • If I ____________________ more money, I would buy a car.
  2. He isn’t very confident, so he won’t apply for the job.
    • If he ____________________ more confident, he would apply for the job.
  3. They don’t live closer, so they can’t visit us often.
    • If they ____________________ closer, they would visit us more often.
  4. She doesn’t know how to drive, so she can’t travel alone.
    • If she ____________________ how to drive, she could travel alone.
  5. We don’t have a garden, so we can’t grow vegetables.
    • If we ____________________ a garden, we would grow vegetables.

5. PAST MODALS OF DEDUCTION:

  1. I’m sure she left her phone at home.
    • She ____________________ her phone at home.
  2. They’re certain that he didn’t tell the truth.
    • He ____________________ the truth.
  3. It’s possible that she misunderstood the instructions.
    • She ____________________ the instructions.
  4. There’s no way they finished the project by themselves.
    • They ____________________ the project by themselves.
  5. He didn’t arrive on time, which is surprising.
    • He ____________________ on time.

6. PAST MODALS OF ADVISABILITY:

  1. I didn’t bring an umbrella, and now I’m wet.
    • I ____________________ an umbrella.
  2. She regrets not studying harder for the exam.
    • She ____________________ harder for the exam.
  3. They didn’t take the advice and got lost.
    • They ____________________ the advice.
  4. I didn’t call him back, and now I feel bad about it.
    • I ____________________ him back.
  5. He didn’t apologize, and now he feels guilty.
    • He ____________________ sooner.

7. THIRD CONDITIONAL:

  1. I didn’t wake up early, so I missed the bus.
    • If I ____________________ earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the bus.
  2. She didn’t go to the doctor, and now she’s still sick.
    • If she ____________________ to the doctor, she would have recovered by now.
  3. They didn’t save money, so they couldn’t go on vacation.
    • If they ____________________ money, they could have gone on vacation.
  4. He didn’t listen to the instructions, so he made a mistake.
    • If he ____________________ the instructions, he wouldn’t have made a mistake.
  5. We didn’t lock the door, and someone broke in.
    • If we ____________________ the door, no one would have broken in.

Answer Key:

  1. FIRST CONDITIONAL: 1. don’t miss 2. studies 3. stops raining 4. stays nice 5. performs
  2. FUTURE TIME CLAUSES: 6. as soon as 7. in case 8. until 9. after 10. until
  3. VERB PATTERNS AFTER WISH: 11. could play 12. weren’t 13. would help 14. lived 15. would arrive
  4. SECOND CONDITIONAL: 16. had 17. were (formal)/ was (informal) 18. lived 19. knew 20. had
  5. PAST MODALS OF DEDUCTION: 21. must have left 22. couldn’t have told 23. might/may/ can (informal)/ could (formal) have misunderstood 24. can’t (informal)/ could (formal) have finished 25. must have arrived
  6. PAST MODALS OF ADVISABILITY: 26. should have brought 27. should have studied 28. should have taken 29. should have called 30. should have apologized
  7. THIRD CONDITIONAL: 31. had woken up 32. had gone 33. had saved 34. had listened to 35. had locked

First Conditional

teacherjulieta1 Comment

We use the first conditional to talk about something that will probably happen in the future.

You can use any present form in the if – clause ( simple present, present continuous or present perfect) and any future form ( will going to, future perfect, future continuous) or an imperative or a modal verb (might, may or should) in the other clause.

When we have negative if-clauses, we can replace if not with the word unless.

 Speaking Practice

Spinning Wheel

  • Get into pairs or small groups
  • Enter your group name
  • Spin the wheel
  • Share your ideas

Create an advertising

  1. Get into pairs or small groups.
  2. Take turns being the speaker and the listener.
  3. Choose a topic card.

You are going to create an advertisement for a ‘green’ product and present it to your classmates.

You will need to use the first conditional to explain all the good things that will happen, could happen, might happen etc. if a person buys/uses their product.

Give examples of the benefits, trying to sound enthusiastic and persuasive.

🗨️ Example:

My business is Green’s brilliant bicycles. If you buy one of our bicycles, you can exercise as you come to school. If you use it every day, you will make a difference to the environment. You won’t believe how good cycling will make you feel unless you try it! And, when you buy one of our bikes today, you’ll get a free helmet! Get yours now!

Speaking cards 👇. Click on the arrow ⏭️ to see the next card.

✍️ Writing Practice

Choose a card. Write a comment (reply) below 👇 with your sentence.

Give as many details as possible