GRAMMAR

Future Probability

When you ask for opinions about future probability, you usually use will + base form or be going to + base form. However, there are other alternatives that are also common in spoken English.

In the table below, you can find a collection of useful phrases and expressions that will help you convey future probabilities with confidence. The table includes various patterns and grammar structures, including modal verbs like “will” and “might,” as well as phrases such as “there’s a good chance” and “I’m sure of it.”

PhrasesGrammar PatternExplanationExamples
will/be going towill/going to + base formExpresses future events or actions without indicating certainty“I will go to the party tomorrow.”
“What do you think they‘re going to do about it?
Definitelywill definitely + base formIndicates a high level of certainty or confidence in a future event“She will definitely win the race. She’s the fastest runner.”
I’m sure be sure of something
be sure + subject + will + base form
Indicates strong confidence or certainty in a future outcomeI’m sure it will rain today. The sky is cloudy.”
I’m bound to be bound to + base formSuggests a high likelihood or inevitability of a future event“If you keep practicing, you’re bound to improve your skills.”
There’s a good chance There’s a good chance + subject + will + base formIndicates a favorable probability or possibility of somethingThere’s a good chance she will get the job. She has relevant experience.”
Fairly likely tobe fairly likely to + base formExpresses a moderate probability or likelihood of a future event“He is fairly likely to pass the exam. He studied hard.”
Mightmight + base formSuggests a possibility or a lower level of certainty in the future“I might go to the concert if I can get tickets.”
There’s a chance something will/won’t happenPhraseIndicates the existence of a possibility or an unlikelihoodThere’s a chance it will rain tomorrow. Bring an umbrella.”
Unlikelybe unlikely that + somebody/ something + will + base formExpresses a low probability or unlikelihood of a future event“It‘s unlikely that he will arrive on time. He’s always late.”
There’s only a small chance that something will happenPhraseIndicates a very low probability or likelihood of somethingThere’s only a small chance they will cancel the event. It’s well-organized.”
Doubt somebody will do somethingdoubt + subject + will + base formExpresses skepticism or lack of belief in a future event“I doubt they will win the competition. Their performance wasn’t strong enough.”
Doubt something will happendoubt it will + base formIndicates skepticism or lack of belief in a future outcome“I doubt it will snow tomorrow. The weather forecast says it’ll be sunny.”
To be not the first person but definitely not the lastbe not the first person + base form, but definitely not the lastImplies a level of certainty or confidence, although not the highest“I’m not the first person to say it, but definitely not the last – he’s talented.”
Bound tobe bound to + base formSuggests a high probability or inevitability of a future event“With her skills, she is bound to succeed in her career.”
Hope soPhraseExpresses desire or optimism about a future outcomeI hope so! I really want to win the competition.”
Think soPhraseExpresses a belief or opinion that something will happenI think so. Based on the evidence, he is likely to be promoted.”
Not think soPhraseExpresses a belief or opinion that something will not happenI don’t think so. It’s unlikely they will change their decision.”

Grammar practice

Speaking practice

  1. Imagine what life will be like in ten years’ time.
  2. Spin the wheel and discuss each statement on the spinning wheel
  3. Express how likely you think each will be.
  4. Negotiate where to place the statement next to the thermometer of probability, with high temperature meaning It’ll definitely … and cold temperatures meaning It definitely won’t … .
  5. Try to use a range of phrases during their negotiations.
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GRAMMAR

Have/Get Something Done

Have/get something done” is a useful English construction that we use when we want to talk about arranging for someone else to do something for us. It’s a way to emphasize that we didn’t do the action ourselves, but rather someone else did it for us.

UsageStructureExamplesExplanation
Services you pay someone else to do for youget/have + object + past participleI get my car washed every week.
She had her hair cut at a fancy salon.
They are getting their house painted next month.
Emphasizes that you pay someone to perform a service for you.
Formal situations, arranging for something to be donehave + object + past participleWe had our website redesigned by a professional agency.
He had his presentation translated into three languages.
We had our legal documents notarized by a certified notary.
Indicates that you arranged for a service to be done by someone else in a formal context.
Things that happen to you, often negative experienceshave + object + past participleShe had her purse stolen while she was shopping.
We had our flight delayed for several hours due to bad weather.
He had his car broken into last night.
Describes events or actions that occur to you, usually negative experiences, without your organization or control.
Negative formdid not have/get + object + past participleI didn’t have my computer repaired.
They didn’t get their house cleaned before the guests arrived.
She didn’t have her dress altered in time for the event.
Expresses the negative form of arranging or paying for a service to be done.
Question form
Simple past
Did + subject + have/get + object + past participle?Did you get your passport renewed?
Did he have his car washed?
Did they have their house repainted?
Forms a question to inquire about arranging or paying for a service to be done.

Grammar practice

Speaking Practice

  1. Get into pairs or small groups.
  2. Take turns being the speaker and the listener.
  3. Open a box and look at the picture carefully
  4. Start speaking about the picture using have/get something done.
  5. Flip the card to see the answer (there are several correct answers, this is just one alternative)

Example: He hasn’t gotten his hair cut yet.

GRAMMAR

Present Perfect and Adverbs

Present Perfect Review

The present perfect tense is a verb form used to connect past actions or events to the present. It indicates that something started in the past and has a relevance or connection to the present moment. In other words, it emphasizes the relationship between past actions and their impact on the current situation.

Grammar pattern
Form: Subject + have/has + past participle (3rd form)
UseExample
Expressing Experiences“I have visited Paris several times.”
Unfinished Actions“They have studied English for three years.”
Actions with Relevance“She has lost her keys.”
Recent Past“He has just arrived home.”

Adverbs used with Present Perfect

There are some adverbs that we can use with present perfect to make emphasis or add additional details.

AdverbMeaningExample
AlreadyBefore the present time or earlier than expected“I have already finished my homework.”
EvenEmphasizing a surprising or unexpected situation“I’ve been very busy. I haven’t even had time to have lunch.”
EverAt any time in the past or in one’s life“Have you ever traveled abroad?”
JustReferring to a very recent past or a short time ago“He’s just come back from Brazil.”
LatelyIn the recent past or during a recent period“I haven’t seen him lately.”
NeverNot at any time in the past or in one’s life“I have never been to Australia.”
OnlyIndicating exclusivity or emphasizing limitations“I’ve only done the first year of my course.”
RecentlyIn the near past or not long ago“She has recently started a new job.”
So farDescribing the extent of an action up to the present time“They have visited three countries so far.”
StillIndicating that a situation or action is continuing or ongoing“I still haven’t found what I’m looking for
YetExpressing an action or event expected to happen but hasn’t occurred until now“They haven’t finished their project yet.”

Grammar practice

Speaking practice

GRAMMAR

Future Forms

For High-Intermediate English learners

There are different ways of talking about the future in English. While one structure may be preferred for certain meanings, in many cases more than one structure can be used with little or no change of meaning.

Future FormGrammar PatternMeaningExplanationExamples
Present be going tosubject + be + going to + base verbPlanned or intended actions in the futureUsed when something is already decided or plannedI am going to visit my grandparents next weekend.
Willsubject + will + base verbSpontaneous decisions, predictions, promises, or offersUsed for decisions made at the moment or predictions/promisesIt’s hot here. I will open the window.
Present Continuoussubject + am/is/are + present participle (-ing form)Fixed plans or arrangements in the near futureUsed for actions already planned or arrangedI am meeting my friend for dinner tonight.
Might/Maysubject + might/may + base verbPossibilities or uncertain future eventsUsed when there is a possibility, but uncertaintyI might go to the party if I finish my work early.
Future Continuoussubject + will be + present participle (-ing form)Ongoing actions or events in the futureUsed to describe actions happening at a specific timeThey will be watching a movie this time next week.

Grammar Practice

Speaking Practice

GRAMMAR

Reported Speech

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is used to report what someone else said.

It’s different from direct speech, which is when we repeat the exact words that someone else said.

In reported speech, we need to change the tense and pronouns to match the new speaker and the time of reporting. Here’s a table that summarizes the changes:

Direct SpeechReported SpeechExample
Present SimplePast Simple“I like pizza,” said John.
John said that he liked pizza.
Present ContinuousPast Continuous“I am playing soccer,” said Emily.
Emily said that she was playing soccer.
Present PerfectPast Perfect“I have visited France,” said Kate.
Kate said that she had visited France.
Present Perfect Cont.Past Perfect Continuous“I have been studying Spanish,” said Tom.
Tom said that he had been studying Spanish.
Past SimplePast Perfect“I went to the store,” said Sarah.
Sarah said that she had gone to the store.
Past ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous“I was watching TV,” said Mike.
Mike said that he had been watching TV.
Past PerfectPast Perfect“I had finished my homework,” said Jane.
Jane said that she had finished her homework.
Past Perfect Cont.Past Perfect Continuous“I had been studying for hours,” said Alex.
Alex said that he had been studying for hours.
Future SimpleConditional (would) + Infinitive“I will come to the party,” said Peter.
Peter said that he would come to the party.
Future ContinuousConditional Continuous (would + be + Ving“I will be working late,” said Mark.
Mark said that he would be working late.
Future PerfectConditional Perfect (would + have + PP)“I will have finished by then,” said Anna.
Anna said that she would have finished by then.
Future Perfect Cont.Conditional Perfect Cont. (would + have + been + Ving)“I will have been studying for 4 hours,” said Sam.
Here/ThereChanged according to the new location“I live here,” said Lisa.
Lisa said that she lived there.
Personal PronounsChanged according to the new speaker“I love this song,” said Tim.
Tim said that he loved that song.

Grammar Practice

Speaking Practice

  1. Open the box
  2. Look at the picture
  3. Answer the following questions using reported speech

What did they say?/ What did they ask?

GRAMMAR

Past Perfect Simple

The past perfect simple is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past.

Grammar PatternMeaningExamples
Subject + had +
past participle (3rd form)
Expresses an action completed
before another action or time in the past.
I had already eaten when he arrived.
She had studied English before she moved to London.
They had finished their work before the deadline.

In order to master this verb tense it is crucial that you know by heart the past participle of the most used irregular verbs. Below you can see a list of the basic irregular verbs that intermediate/ high-intermediate learners MUST know already.

Base formSimple past
(2nd form)
Past participle
(3rd form)
bewas/werebeen
beginbeganbegun
breakbrokebroken
bringbroughtbrought
buildbuiltbuilt
buyboughtbought
choosechosechosen
comecamecome
dodiddone
drawdrewdrawn
drinkdrankdrunk
drivedrovedriven
eatateeaten
fallfellfallen
feelfeltfelt
findfoundfound
flyflewflown
forgetforgotforgotten
getgotgotten
givegavegiven
gowentgone
havehadhad
hearheardheard
hithithit
holdheldheld
keepkeptkept
knowknewknown
leaveleftleft
loselostlost
makemademade
meetmetmet
paypaidpaid
putputput
readreadread
runranrun
saysaidsaid
seesawseen
sellsoldsold
sendsentsent
singsangsung
sitsatsat
sleepsleptslept
speakspokespoken
spendspentspent
standstoodstood
swimswamswum
taketooktaken
teachtaughttaught
telltoldtold
thinkthoughtthought
understandunderstoodunderstood
wakewokewoken
wearworeworn
winwonwon
writewrotewritten

Grammar practice

Speaking practice

  1. Choose a box
  2. Open the box
  3. Each team member will complete the sentence using their own ideas
  4. Share your sentence with your classmates
GRAMMAR

Obligation and permission

Modal verbs are important for expressing obligation and permission in English.

Here is a summary of some common modal verbs and phrases that are used to express obligation and permission:

Modal Verb/PhraseMeaningExampleGrammar Pattern
needn’tno obligationYou needn’t come to the party if you don’t want to.need not + base verb
muststrong obligationI must finish this report by tomorrow.must + base verb
ought tostrong recommendation (very formal)You ought to apologize for your behavior.ought to + base verb
shouldadvice/suggestion/ weak obligationI should study for the exam.should + base verb
canpermissionCan I use your pen, please?can + base verb
be requirednecessaryA valid passport is required to enter the country.be + required to + base verb
be not requirednot necessaryA tie is not required for the interview.be + not required to + base verb
be allowedpermissionYou are allowed to smoke in this area.be + allowed to + base verb
be not allowedprohibitionYou are not allowed to smoke in this area.be + not allowed to + base form
be supposed toexpectation/ weak obligationWe are supposed to arrive at 8:00 AM.be + supposed to + base verb
be not supposed tonot allowedYou are not supposed to use your phone in class.be + not supposed to + base verb
it’s illegal toagainst the lawIt’s illegal to park here.it’s illegal to + base verb
it’s against the lawagainst the lawIt’s against the law to steal.it’s against the law to + base verb
it’s politesocially acceptableIt’s polite to say “please” and “thank you”.it’s polite to + base verb
it’s impolitesocially unacceptableIt’s impolite to interrupt someone.it’s impolite to + base verb
it’s best toadvice/suggestion (positive)It’s best to arrive early for your interview.it’s best to + base verb
it’s best not toadvice/suggestion (negative)It’s best not to eat too much junk food.it’s best not to + base verb

Grammar practice

Speaking practice

Writing practice

Write some advice for someone who wants to visit your country. Think of at least 5 rules and customs and write them down.

GRAMMAR

Feel like

Feel like” is a phrase that has several meanings, but generally it refers to the desire or inclination to do something.

For example, if you say “I feel like eating pizza,” it means that you have a desire or craving to eat pizza at the moment. Similarly, if someone says “I don’t feel like going to the party tonight,” it means that they don’t have the desire or inclination to attend the party.

Feel like” can also be used to express an opinion or impression about something. For instance, if you say “I feel like the movie was really good,” it means that you have the impression that the movie was enjoyable or well-made.

If you are still confused, you can find an easy explanation in your first language 🇪🇸 🇵🇹 🇨🇳 🇷🇺 🇺🇦 🇹🇷 🇯🇵 👇

🇪🇸 Spanish

“Feel like” es un verbo compuesto que tiene varios significados en inglés, pero en general se refiere al deseo o inclinación de hacer algo.

Por ejemplo, si decimos “I feel like eating pizza” (Tengo ganas de comer pizza), significa que tenemos un deseo o antojo de comer pizza en ese momento. De manera similar, si alguien dice “I don’t feel like going to the party tonight” (No tengo ganas de ir a la fiesta esta noche), significa que no tienen el deseo o la inclinación de asistir a la fiesta.

“Feel like” también se puede usar para expresar una opinión o impresión sobre algo. Por ejemplo, si decimos “I feel like the movie was really good” (Siento que la película fue realmente buena), significa que tenemos la impresión de que la película fue entretenida o bien hecha.

En resumen, “feel like” es un verbo compuesto versátil que se usa comúnmente en inglés para expresar una variedad de sentimientos, deseos, opiniones o impresiones.

🇵🇹 Portuguese

“Feel like” é um verbo composto em inglês que tem vários significados, mas geralmente se refere ao desejo ou inclinação de fazer algo.

Por exemplo, se alguém diz “I feel like eating pizza” (Eu estou com vontade de comer pizza), significa que essa pessoa tem o desejo ou vontade de comer pizza no momento. Da mesma forma, se alguém diz “I don’t feel like going to the party tonight” (Eu não estou com vontade de ir à festa hoje à noite), significa que essa pessoa não tem o desejo ou inclinação de comparecer à festa.

“Feel like” também pode ser usado para expressar uma opinião ou impressão sobre algo. Por exemplo, se alguém diz “I feel like the movie was really good” (Eu acho que o filme foi muito bom), significa que essa pessoa tem a impressão de que o filme foi agradável ou bem feito.

Em resumo, “feel like” é um verbo composto versátil que é comumente usado em inglês para expressar uma variedade de sentimentos, desejos, opiniões ou impressões.

🇨🇳 Chinese

“Feel like” 是英语中常用的一个复合动词,它通常表示某种行动的愿望或倾向。

例如,”I feel like eating pizza” (我想吃披萨) 表示此时此刻你想吃披萨的愿望或倾向。同样地,如果有人说 “I don’t feel like going to the party tonight” (我不想去今晚的派对),那么就表示他或她此时此刻没有参加派对的愿望或倾向。

“Feel like” 还可以用来表示对某事物的看法或印象。例如,”I feel like the movie was really good” (我觉得那部电影真的很好) 表示你对那部电影的印象很好。

总的来说,”feel like” 是一个多功能的复合动词,在英语中经常用来表示不同的情感、愿望、看法或印象。

🇷🇺 Russian

“Feel like” – это составной глагол в английском языке, который имеет несколько значений, но в общем он относится к желанию или склонности к совершению какого-либо действия.

Например, если вы говорите “I feel like eating pizza” (Я хочу есть пиццу), это означает, что у вас есть желание или пристрастие к еде пиццы в данный момент. Точно так же, если кто-то говорит “I don’t feel like going to the party tonight” (Мне не хочется идти на вечеринку сегодня вечером), это означает, что у них нет желания или склонности присутствовать на вечеринке.

“Feel like” также может использоваться для выражения мнения или впечатления о чем-то. Например, если вы говорите “I feel like the movie was really good” (Я имею в виду, что фильм был действительно хорош), это означает, что у вас есть впечатление, что фильм был интересным или хорошо сделанным.

В целом, “feel like” – это универсальный составной глагол, который часто используется в английском языке для выражения различных чувств, желаний, мнений или впечатлений.

🇺🇦 Ukrainian

“Feel like” – це складений дієслово в англійській мові, яке має кілька значень, але взагалі відноситься до бажання або схильності до здійснення якоїсь дії.

Наприклад, якщо ви кажете “I feel like eating pizza” (Я хочу їсти піцу), це означає, що у вас є бажання або схильність до їди піци в даний момент. Точно так само, якщо хтось каже “I don’t feel like going to the party tonight” (Мені не хочеться йти на вечірку сьогодні ввечері), це означає, що у нього немає бажання або схильності бути присутнім на вечірці.

“Feel like” також може використовуватися для вираження думки або враження про щось. Наприклад, якщо ви кажете “I feel like the movie was really good” (Я думаю, що фільм був дуже хороший), це означає, що у вас є враження, що фільм був цікавим або добре зробленим.

У загальному, “feel like” – це універсальне складене дієслово, яке часто використовується в англійській мові для вираження різних почуттів, бажань, думок або вражень.

🇹🇷 Turkish

“Feel like”, İngilizce’de çoğunlukla bir şey yapma isteği veya eğilimini ifade eden bir bileşik fiildir.

Örneğin, “I feel like eating pizza” ifadesi (Pizza yemek istiyorum) anlamına gelir ve kişinin o anda pizza yeme arzusu veya isteği olduğunu ifade eder. Benzer şekilde, “I don’t feel like going to the party tonight” ifadesi (Bu gece partiye gitmek istemiyorum) kişinin partiye gitmek istememe eğiliminde veya isteğinde olmadığını ifade eder.

“Feel like” ayrıca bir şey hakkında bir fikir veya izlenim ifade etmek için de kullanılabilir. Örneğin, “I feel like the movie was really good” ifadesi (Filmin gerçekten iyi olduğunu hissediyorum) kişinin filmin keyifli veya iyi yapılmış olduğu izlenimine sahip olduğunu ifade eder.

Genel olarak, “feel like” çok yönlü bir bileşik fiildir ve İngilizce’de çeşitli duyguları, istekleri, fikirleri veya izlenimleri ifade etmek için sıkça kullanılır.

🇯🇵 Japanese

「Feel like」は英語でよく使われる複合動詞であり、通常、ある行動に対する願望や傾向を表します。

例えば、「I feel like eating pizza.」(ピザが食べたいと感じる)は、その瞬間にピザを食べたいという願望や傾向を表します。同様に、「I don’t feel like going to the party tonight.」(今夜のパーティーに行きたくない)は、その瞬間にパーティーに参加する気がないことを表します。

「Feel like」はまた、あることに対する印象や見解を表すためにも使用されます。例えば、「I feel like the movie was really good.」(その映画は本当に良かったと思う)は、その映画に対する印象が良かったことを表します。

全体的に、「feel like」は多機能な複合動詞であり、英語で様々な感情、願望、見解、印象を表すためによく使われます。

* Information was translated using AI. If you find a mistake please let me know

GRAMMAR

Past Modal of Advisability

The past modal of advisability is “should have” and it is used to talk about past actions or events that didn’t happen, but would have been a good idea if they had.

For example, if someone says “I should have gone to bed earlier last night,” it means that they did not go to bed earlier, but it would have been a good idea if they had because they might have felt more rested today.

Another example is “You should have told me that you were going to be late,” which means that the person did not tell the speaker that they were going to be late, but it would have been advisable to do so because the speaker was waiting for them.

It’s important to note that “should have” implies that there was a missed opportunity or a mistake in the past, but it is not used to assign blame or criticize the person for their actions. It is simply a way to express what would have been a good idea to do in the past.

In summary, the past modal of advisability is “should have” and it is used to talk about past actions or events that didn’t happen, but would have been advisable if they had.

If you are still confused, you can find an easy explanation in your first language 🇪🇸 🇵🇹 🇨🇳 🇷🇺 🇺🇦 🇹🇷 🇯🇵 👇

🇪🇸 Spanish

El pasado modal de consejo o “advisability” en inglés es “should have“, y se usa para hablar de acciones o eventos en el pasado que no sucedieron, pero que habría sido una buena idea si hubieran ocurrido.

Por ejemplo, si alguien dice “Debería haberme acostado más temprano anoche”, significa que no se acostó más temprano, pero habría sido una buena idea hacerlo porque quizás se habría sentido más descansado hoy.

Otro ejemplo es “Deberías haberme dicho que ibas a llegar tarde”, lo que significa que la persona no le dijo al hablante que iba a llegar tarde, pero habría sido aconsejable hacerlo porque el hablante estaba esperando.

Es importante tener en cuenta que “should have” implica que hubo una oportunidad perdida o un error en el pasado, pero no se usa para culpar o criticar a la persona por sus acciones. Es simplemente una forma de expresar lo que habría sido una buena idea hacer en el pasado.

En resumen, el pasado modal de consejo o “advisability” es “should have” y se usa para hablar de acciones o eventos en el pasado que no sucedieron, pero que habría sido aconsejable que sucedieran.

🇵🇹 Portuguese

O passado modal de aconselhamento em inglês, também conhecido como “advisability”, é expresso pelo verbo modal “should have”, e é utilizado para falar de ações ou eventos passados que não ocorreram, mas que teria sido uma boa ideia se tivessem ocorrido.

Por exemplo, se alguém diz “Eu deveria ter estudado mais para a prova”, isso significa que não estudou o suficiente para a prova, mas teria sido uma boa ideia se tivesse estudado, já que poderia ter se saído melhor na prova.

Outro exemplo é “Você deveria ter me avisado que ia se atrasar”, o que significa que a pessoa não avisou o falante que iria se atrasar, mas teria sido aconselhável fazer isso, já que o falante estava esperando.

É importante lembrar que “should have” implica que houve uma oportunidade perdida ou um erro no passado, mas não é usado para atribuir culpa ou criticar a pessoa por suas ações. É simplesmente uma forma de expressar o que teria sido uma boa ideia fazer no passado.

Em resumo, o passado modal de aconselhamento é “should have” e é utilizado para falar de ações ou eventos passados que não ocorreram, mas que teria sido aconselhável se tivessem ocorrido. Aqui estão mais alguns exemplos:

EstruturaExemplo
Sujeito + “should have” + verbo no particípio passado“Eu deveria ter estudado mais para a prova.”
Sujeito + “shouldn’t have” + verbo no particípio passado“Ele não deveria ter falado com tanta grosseria.”

🇨🇳 Chinese

英语中的建议性过去情态语态,也称为 “advisability”,通常使用情态动词 “should have” 来表达。它用于谈论过去的行动或事件,这些行动或事件没有发生,但如果它们发生了,那么这将是一个好主意。

例如,如果有人说 “我应该更多地为考试学习”,这意味着他没有为考试学习足够的时间,但如果他做了这个,那么他在考试中可能会取得更好的成绩。另一个例子是 “你应该提前告诉我你会迟到”,这意味着这个人没有提前告诉说话者他会迟到,但如果他这样做了,那么说话者就不会等待了。

需要记住的是,”should have” 意味着在过去的某个时刻,有一个错失的机会或者错误,但它并不是用来指责或批评某个人的行动。它只是一种表达过去的事情如果能够更好地完成的方式。

总之,建议性过去情态语态是 “should have”,用于谈论过去的行动或事件,这些行动或事件没有发生,但如果它们发生了,那么这将是一个好主意。以下是一些示例:

结构示例
主语 + “should have” + 过去分词动词“我应该更多地为考试学习”。
主语 + “shouldn’t have” + 过去分词动词“他不应该那么粗鲁地讲话”。

🇷🇺 Russian

Прошедшая модальность совета в английском языке, также известная как “advisability”, выражается модальным глаголом “should have” и используется для рассказа о действиях или событиях, которые не произошли в прошлом, но которые было бы хорошей идеей, если бы они произошли.

Например, если кто-то говорит “Я должен был больше учиться на экзамене”, это означает, что он не учился достаточно на экзамене, но было бы хорошей идеей, если бы он учился больше, так как он мог бы справиться лучше на экзамене.

Еще один пример: “Тебе следовало предупредить меня, что ты опаздываешь”, что означает, что человек не предупредил говорящего о своем опоздании, но было бы рекомендуемо это сделать, так как говорящий ожидал его прибытия.

Важно помнить, что “should have” подразумевает, что была упущена возможность или была допущена ошибка в прошлом, но не используется для приписывания вины или критики человека за его действия. Это просто способ выразить, что было бы хорошей идеей сделать в прошлом.

Итак, прошедшая модальность совета – это “should have” и используется для рассказа о действиях или событиях, которые не произошли в прошлом, но которые было бы рекомендуемо, если бы они произошли. Вот несколько примеров:

СтруктураПример
Подлежащее + “should have” + глагол в прошедшем времени (V3)“Я должен был больше учиться на экзамене”.
Подлежащее + “shouldn’t have” + глагол в прошедшем времени (V3)“Он не должен был говорить так грубо”.

🇺🇦 Ukrainian

Прошу вибачення, я не розмовляю українською мовою. Однак, я можу пояснити прошлу модальну форму ради поради (advisability) в англійській мові.

Прошла модальна форма ради поради виражається за допомогою модального дієслова “should have”. Вона використовується для опису дій або подій, які не відбулися в минулому, але було б добре іх виконати.

Наприклад, коли людина каже “Я повинен був більше вчитися на екзамені”, це означає, що він не вивчив достатньо на екзамені, але було б добре, якби він вивчив більше, оскільки він міг би справитися краще на екзамені.

Інший приклад: “Тобі потрібно було попередити мене, що ти запізнюєшся”, що означає, що людина не попередила співрозмовника про своє запізнення, але було б рекомендовано це зробити, оскільки співрозмовник очікував її прибуття.

Важливо пам’ятати, що “should have” передбачає, що була пропущена можливість або була допущена помилка в минулому, але не використовується для приписування провини або критики людини за її дії. Це просто спосіб висловити, що було б добре зробити в минулому.

Отже, прошла модальна форма ради поради – це “should have” і використовується для опису дій або подій, які не відбулися в минулому, але було б рекомендовано їх виконати. Ось декілька прикладів:

СтруктураПриклад
Підмет + “should have” + дієслово в минулому часі (V3)“Я повинен був більше
Підмет + “should have” + дієслово в минулому часі (V3)
“Ти повинен був попередити мене про своє запізнення.”

Наведені приклади показують, що “should have” можна використовувати в різних ситуаціях, де можна було б добре зробити щось в минулому, але цього не зробили. Навички використання прошлої модальної форми ради поради можна розвивати через практику, зокрема, за допомогою діалогів, текстів, аудіо- та відеоматеріалів.

🇹🇷 Turkish

“Should have” geçmiş zaman modali, bir şeyin yapılmaması durumunda gerçekleşen sonuçları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Türkçe’de “yapmalıydım” veya “etmeliydim” gibi bir anlamı vardır. Örneğin, “Geçen hafta İngilizce sınavım vardı ve daha çok çalışmalıydım” cümlesinde “should have” modal yapısı kullanılmaktadır.

Aşağıdaki tablo, “should have” yapısının kullanımına dair örnekler içermektedir:

YapıÖrnek
Özne + “should have” + V3 (geçmiş zaman)“Daha erken kalkmalıydım.”
Özne + “should have” + V3 (geçmiş zaman)“Daha fazla çalışmalıydım.”

Yukarıdaki örneklerde görüldüğü gibi, “should have” geçmişte yapılmayan bir şeyin sonuçlarını ifade eder. Bu modal yapı, Türkçe’deki “yapmalıydım” veya “etmeliydim” gibi anlamlar taşıdığı için, Türkçe konuşan öğrencilerin bu konuyu anlaması daha kolay olabilir. Öğrencilerin bu modal yapısını kullanarak cümleler oluşturması ve farklı örneklerle pratik yapması, dil becerilerini geliştirmelerine yardımcı olabilir.

🇯🇵 Japanese

Should have”は、何かをしなかったことによって起こる結果を表現するために用いられる過去のモーダル表現です。日本語では、「~すべきだった」といった意味があります。例えば、「先週英語の試験があったけど、もっと勉強すべきだった」という文では、「should have」の表現が使われています。

以下の表は、”should have”の表現に関する例を示しています。

構造例文
主語 + “should have” + 過去分詞“もっと早く起きるべきだった。”
主語 + “should have” + 過去分詞“もっと勉強するべきだった。”

上記の例からわかるように、”should have”は、過去に何かをしなかったことによって起こる結果を表現するために用いられます。このモーダル表現は、「~すべきだった」という意味がありますので、日本語話者にとっても比較的理解しやすいと思われます。日本語を話す学習者は、この表現を使って文を作り、様々な例文で練習することで、言語能力を向上させることができます。

* Tables were created using AI. If you find a mistake please let me know

GRAMMAR

Past Modals of Speculation & Deduction

The modals of speculation “must have,” “may have,” “might have,” “could have,” and “couldn’t have” are used to express different degrees of possibility or probability about something that happened in the past.

Here are some explanations of each modal and how they are used:

  1. Must have” is used when you are certain that something happened in the past. For example: “He must have left early because his car is not here.” This means that you are confident that he left early, based on the evidence of his missing car.
  2. May have” is used when you are not certain about something that happened in the past, but you think it is possible. For example: “She may have forgotten her phone at home.” This means that you think it is possible that she forgot her phone, but you are not sure.
  3. Might have” is similar to “may have” and is also used when you are not certain about something that happened in the past, but you think it is possible. For example: “He might have missed his flight.” This means that you think it is possible that he missed his flight, but you are not sure.
  4. Could have” is used when you are talking about a possibility in the past. For example: “He could have studied harder for the exam.” This means that he had the possibility to study harder for the exam, but you don’t know whether he did or not.
  5. Couldn’t have” is used to express a strong belief that something did not happen in the past. For example: “He couldn’t have stolen the money because he was with me the whole time.” This means that you are confident that he did not steal the money, based on the evidence that he was with you the whole time.

ModalGrammar PatternExplanationExample
Must haveSubject + must have + past participleUsed to express a strong belief that something happened in the pastShe must have finished the project already.
May haveSubject + may have + past participleUsed to express the possibility that something happened in the pastHe may have forgotten his keys at home.
Might haveSubject + might have + past participleUsed to express the possibility that something happened in the pastThey might have missed the bus.
Could haveSubject + could have + past participleUsed to express the possibility that something was possible in the pastHe could have won the race if he had trained more.
Couldn’t haveSubject + couldn’t have + past participleUsed to express a strong belief that something was not possible in the pastShe couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.

If you are still confused, you can find an easy explanation in your first language 🇪🇸 🇵🇹 🇨🇳 🇷🇺 🇺🇦 🇹🇷 🇯🇵 👇

🇪🇸 Spanish

Los modales de especulación “must have”, “may have”, “might have”, “could have” y “couldn’t have” se utilizan para expresar diferentes grados de posibilidad o probabilidad sobre algo que sucedió en el pasado.

ModalPatrón gramatical ExplicaciónEjemplos
Must haveSujeto + must have + participio pasadoUtilizado para expresar una creencia fuerte de que algo sucedió en el pasado / Used to express a strong belief that something happened in the pastShe must have finished the project already. / Ella debe haber terminado el proyecto ya.
May haveSujeto + may have + participio pasadoUtilizado para expresar la posibilidad de que algo sucedió en el pasado / Used to express the possibility that something happened in the pastHe may have forgotten his keys at home. / Él pudo haber olvidado sus llaves en casa.
Might haveSujeto + might have + participio pasadoUtilizado para expresar la posibilidad de que algo sucedió en el pasado / Used to express the possibility that something happened in the pastThey might have missed the bus. / Ellos podrían haber perdido el autobús.
Could haveSujeto + could have + participio pasadoUtilizado para expresar la posibilidad de que algo era posible en el pasado / Used to express the possibility that something was possible in the pastHe could have won the race if he had trained more. / Él podría haber ganado la carrera si hubiera entrenado más.
Couldn’t haveSujeto + couldn’t have + participio pasadoUtilizado para expresar una creencia fuerte de que algo no era posible en el pasado / Used to express a strong belief that something was not possible in the pastShe couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase. / Ella no podría haber sido quien rompió el jarrón.

🇵🇹 Portuguese

Um modal de especulação é um tipo de verbo modal que é usado para expressar uma opinião ou suposição sobre algo que aconteceu ou poderia ter acontecido no passado. Os modais de especulação mais comuns em inglês incluem “must have”, “may have”, “might have”, “could have” e “couldn’t have”.

Esses verbos modais são usados para indicar a probabilidade ou possibilidade de que algo tenha acontecido ou não, com base em evidências ou deduções. Por exemplo, se alguém diz “He must have left already” (Ele deve ter saído já), isso significa que a pessoa acredita fortemente que ele saiu, com base em alguma evidência ou conhecimento prévio.

ModalExplicaçãoPadrão GramaticalExemplo em inglêsTradução em português
Must haveExpressa uma forte crença de que algo aconteceu no passado.Must + have + particípio passadoShe must have finished the project already.Ela deve ter terminado o projeto já.
May haveExpressa a possibilidade de que algo aconteceu no passado.May + have + particípio passadoHe may have forgotten his keys at home.Ele pode ter esquecido as chaves em casa.
Might haveExpressa a possibilidade de que algo aconteceu no passado.Might + have + particípio passadoThey might have missed the bus.Eles podem ter perdido o ônibus.
Could haveExpressa a possibilidade de que algo era possível no passado.Could + have + particípio passadoHe could have won the race if he had trained more.Ele poderia ter ganhado a corrida se tivesse treinado mais.
Couldn’t haveExpressa a forte crença de que algo não era possível no passado.Couldn’t + have + particípio passadoShe couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.Ela não poderia ter sido quem quebrou o vaso.

🇨🇳 Chinese

以下是有关“must have”、“may have”、“might have”、“could have”和“couldn’t have”的推测情态动词的语法和用法的表格和说明,以帮助中级汉语学习者更好地理解这些内容。

推测情态动词语法模式解释英文示例中文示例
must havemust have + 过去分词表示强烈的信念,某事在过去已经发生She must have finished the project already.她一定已经完成了这个项目。
may havemay have + 过去分词表示可能发生在过去的事情He may have forgotten his keys at home.他可能把钥匙忘在家里了。
might havemight have + 过去分词表示可能发生在过去的事情They might have missed the bus.他们可能错过了公共汽车。
could havecould have + 过去分词表示过去某事有可能发生He could have won the race if he had trained more.如果他多训练一些,他可能会赢得比赛。
couldn’t havecouldn’t have + 过去分词表示强烈的信念,某事在过去不可能发生She couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.她不可能是打破花瓶的那个人。

解释:

推测情态动词是用来推断过去发生的事情的动词,它们可以表达不同程度的可能性或信念。其中,“must have”表达的是强烈的信念,认为某事在过去一定发生了;“may have”和“might have”表达的是可能性,认为某事在过去有可能发生;“could have”则表示过去某事有可能发生;而“couldn’t have”则表示强烈的信念,认为某事在过去不可能发生。

在构成句子时,这些情态动词后面都要加上过去分词形式,来表示发生的动作或状态。例如,“must have finished”表示“已经完成了”;“may have forgotten”表示“可能忘了”;“might have missed”表示“可能错过了”;“could have won”表示“可能赢得了”;“couldn’t have been”表示“不可能是”。这些情态动词在句子中通常位于动词短语的前面,以强调其推测的重要性。

🇷🇺 Russian

Модальный глаголГрамматический шаблонОбъяснениеПример на английскомПример на русском
Must havemust have + прошедшее время глаголаВыражает крепкую уверенность, что что-то произошло в прошломShe must have finished the project already.Она, должно быть, уже закончила проект.
May havemay have + прошедшее время глаголаВыражает возможность, что что-то произошло в прошломHe may have forgotten his keys at home.Он, возможно, забыл ключи дома.
Might havemight have + прошедшее время глаголаВыражает возможность, что что-то произошло в прошломThey might have missed the bus.Они, возможно, пропустили автобус.
Could havecould have + прошедшее время глаголаВыражает возможность, что что-то было возможно в прошломHe could have won the race if he had trained more.Он мог бы выиграть гонку, если бы больше тренировался.
Couldn’t havecouldn’t have + прошедшее время глаголаВыражает крепкую уверенность, что что-то не было возможно в прошломShe couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.Она не могла быть той, кто разбил вазу.

Модальные глаголы спекуляции (или предположения) используются для выражения вероятности или уверенности в том, что что-то произошло в прошлом или было возможным в прошлом.

  • Must have (должно быть) – выражает сильную веру в то, что что-то произошло в прошлом.
  • May have (может быть) – выражает возможность того, что что-то произошло в прошлом.
  • Might have (могло быть) – выражает возможность того, что что-то произошло в прошлом.
  • Could have (мог бы) – выражает возможность того, что что-то было возможным в прошлом.
  • Couldn’t have (не могло быть) – выражает сильную веру в то, что что-то не было возможным в прошлом.

Пример

  • Она, должно быть, уже закончила проект. (She must have finished the project already.)
  • Он мог забыть свои ключи дома. (He may have forgotten his keys at home.)
  • Они могли пропустить автобус. (They might have missed the bus.)
  • Он мог бы выиграть гонку, если бы больше тренировался. (He could have won the race if he had trained more.)
  • Она не могла быть той, кто разбил вазу. (She couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.)

🇺🇦 Ukrainian

Модальний дієсловоГраматична конструкціяПоясненняПриклади англійською мовоюПриклади українською мовою
Мусити бути (must have)must have + дієслово-3 формаВиражаємо впевненість, що щось сталося в минуломуShe must have finished the project already. (Вона, напевно, вже закінчила проект.)Вона, напевно, вже закінчила проект.
Можливо бути (may have)may have + дієслово-3 формаВиражаємо можливість, що щось сталося в минуломуHe may have forgotten his keys at home. (Він, можливо, залишив ключі вдома.)Він, можливо, залишив ключі вдома.
Може бути (might have)might have + дієслово-3 формаВиражаємо можливість, що щось сталося в минуломуThey might have missed the bus. (Вони, можливо, пропустили автобус.)Вони, можливо, пропустили автобус.
Міг бути (could have)could have + дієслово-3 формаВиражаємо можливість, що щось було можливим у минуломуHe could have won the race if he had trained more. (Він міг би виграти перегони, якби тренувався більше.)Він міг би виграти перегони, якби тренувався більше.
Неможливо було (couldn’t have)couldn’t have + дієслово-3 формаВиражаємо впевненість, що щось було неможливим у минуломуShe couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase. (Вона не могла бути та, хто розбив вазу.)Вона не могла бути та, хто розбив вазу.

Модальні дієслова спекуляції (або припущення) використовуються для вираження ймовірності чи впевненості у тому, що щось сталося в минулому або було можливим у минулому.

Дієслово-модальне Must have (повинно бути) – виражає сильне переконання в тому, що щось сталося в минулому. Дієслово-модальне May have (може бути) – виражає можливість того, що щось сталося в минулому. Дієслово-модальне Might have (могло бути) – виражає можливість того, що щось сталося в минулому. Дієслово-модальне Could have (міг би) – виражає можливість того, що щось було можливим в минулому. Дієслово-модальне Couldn’t have (не могло бути) – виражає сильне переконання в тому, що щось не було можливим в минулому.

Приклади в англійській мові:

She must have finished the project already. (Вона повинна була закінчити проект вже.) He may have forgotten his keys at home. (Можливо, він забув свої ключі вдома.) They might have missed the bus. (Можливо, вони пропустили автобус.) He could have won the race if he had trained more. (Він міг би виграти гонку, якби більше тренувався.) She couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase. (Вона не могла бути та, хто розбив вазу.)

Приклади в українській мові:

Вона, очевидно, уже закінчила проект. (She must have finished the project already.) Він може забув свої ключі вдома. (He may have forgotten his keys at home.) Вони могли пропустити автобус. (They might have missed the bus.) Він міг би виграти гонку, якби більше тренувався. (He could have won the race if he had trained more.) Вона не могла бути та, хто розбив вазу. (She couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.)

🇹🇷 Turkish

Modal FiilDil Bilgisi KalıbıAçıklamaÖrnekler (Türkçe)Örnekler (İngilizce)
Must have-mış/-miş gibi olmakGeçmişte muhtemelen gerçekleştiği düşünülen bir olay hakkında güçlü bir inanç veya tahmin ifade eder.“O, herhalde evdeydi.” -> “O evdeymiş gibiydi.”“She must have finished the project already.”
May have-mış/-miş gibi olmakGeçmişte gerçekleşmiş olabilecek bir olay hakkında ihtimal ifade eder.“Anahtarları evde unutmuş olabilir.” -> “Anahtarlarını evde unutmuş gibiydi.”“He may have forgotten his keys at home.”
Might have-mış/-miş gibi olmakGeçmişte gerçekleşmiş olabilecek bir olay hakkında düşük ihtimal ifade eder.“Belki de erken uyanmıştı.” -> “Erken kalkmış gibiydi.”“They might have missed the bus.”
Could have-abilirdi/-ebilirdi gibi olmakGeçmişte gerçekleşebilecek bir olay hakkında ihtimal ifade eder.“Eğer daha çok çalışmış olsaydı, yarışı kazanabilirdi.” -> “Yarışı kazanabilirdi gibi görünüyor.”“He could have won the race if he had trained more.”
Couldn’t have-amazdı/-emzdi gibi olmakGeçmişte gerçekleşmesi imkansız olan bir olay hakkında güçlü bir inanç veya tahmin ifade eder.“O, vazoyu kıramazdı.” -> “Vazoyu kıramazmış gibi duruyor.”“She couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.”

Öngörü (ya da tahmin) kiplikleri, geçmişte olan bir şeyin olasılığını veya gerçekleştiğine dair bir inancı ifade etmek için kullanılır.

Must have (olmalı) – Geçmişte bir şeyin gerçekleştiğine dair güçlü bir inanç ifade eder. May have (olabilir) – Geçmişte bir şeyin olasılığına işaret eder. Might have (olabilir ki) – Geçmişte bir şeyin olasılığına işaret eder. Could have (olabilirdi) – Geçmişte bir şeyin mümkün olduğuna işaret eder. Couldn’t have (olamazdı) – Geçmişte bir şeyin mümkün olmadığına dair güçlü bir inanç ifade eder.

Örnekler: Must have: Proje zaten bitirilmiş olmalı. (She must have finished the project already.) May have: Anahtarlarını evde unutmuş olabilir. (He may have forgotten his keys at home.) Might have: Otobüsü kaçırmış olabilirler. (They might have missed the bus.) Could have: Daha çok antrenman yapsaydı yarışı kazanabilirdi. (He could have won the race if he had trained more.) Couldn’t have: Vazoyu kıran o olamazdı. (She couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.)

🇯🇵 Japanese

モダル動詞文法パターン説明日本語の例英語の例
〜したはず (must have)主語 + must have + 過去分詞過去に何かが確実に起こったことを表す彼女はもう帰ったはずだ。She must have already gone home.
〜かもしれない (may have)主語 + may have + 過去分詞過去に何かが起こった可能性を表す彼は鍵を家に忘れてきたかもしれない。He may have forgotten his keys at home.
〜かもしれない (might have)主語 + might have + 過去分詞過去に何かが起こった可能性を表す(may haveと同じ意味)彼らはバスを逃したかもしれない。They might have missed the bus.
〜だったかもしれない (could have)主語 + could have + 過去分詞過去に何かが起こりうる可能性を表す彼はもっと練習していればレースに勝てたかもしれない。He could have won the race if he had trained more.
〜ではなかった (couldn’t have)主語 + couldn’t have + 過去分詞過去に何かが起こらなかったことを強く表す彼女が花瓶を壊したわけではなかった。She couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.

  • 「must have」(~だろう、~に違いない)
    • 説明:過去に何かが起こったことを強く信じることを表します。
    • 例:彼女はもうプロジェクトを終えたに違いない。 (She must have finished the project already.)
  • 「may have」(~かもしれない)
    • 説明:過去に何かが起こった可能性があることを表します。
    • 例:彼は鍵を家に忘れたかもしれない。 (He may have forgotten his keys at home.)
  • 「might have」(~かもしれない)
    • 説明:過去に何かが起こった可能性があることを表します。
    • 例:彼らはバスを逃したかもしれない。 (They might have missed the bus.)
  • 「could have」(~できたかもしれない)
    • 説明:過去に何かが起こることができた可能性があることを表します。
    • 例:もっとトレーニングをしていれば、彼はレースに勝てたかもしれない。 (He could have won the race if he had trained more.)
  • 「couldn’t have」(~できなかったに違いない)
    • 説明:過去に何かが起こることができなかったことを表します。
    • 例:彼女が壊れた花瓶の原因になることはあり得ない。 (She couldn’t have been the one who broke the vase.)

* Tables were created using AI. If you find a mistake please let me know